托福閱讀事實信息題考點及應(yīng)對策略
48 2017-07-20
<1>提問方式
1.AccordingtoParagraph…,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutX?
2.AccordingtoParagraph…,how/what/why…?
3.Paragraph…/ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutX?
朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認為帶有提問方式的題型可以總結(jié)為以下幾個特點:
a.該題型屬于細節(jié)類題型,并且在大部分情況下題干中會出現(xiàn)一個明確的細節(jié)定位詞───X。
b.該題型是對細節(jié)信息的正面提問(由題干中true/support可知),這一點與否定事實信息題相反。
c.該題型疑問部分一般由特殊疑問詞:which/how/what/why…引導,可以得出該題型可以就某細節(jié)信息的具體“特性、原因、方式等”進行發(fā)問。
<2>解題步驟:
第一步:讀題干,劃出定位詞。
定位詞特點:
a.在提問方式1和3當中就是X所代表的部分。
b.在提問方式2中比較復雜,一般是尋找該句中的名詞部分,多數(shù)充當句中的主語或賓語。
c.定位詞有可能是原文原詞或者近義詞。
例題:
1.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaquifersindesertsistrue?(TPO12WaterintheDesert)
本題干的定位詞即aquifers,符合提問方式1。
2.Accordingtoparagraph7,whywouldasocialgroupuseshunning?(TPO13TypesofSocialGroups)
本題干的定位詞即shunning,符合提問方式2。
3.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpaintinginEurope?(TPO4CaveArtinEurope)
本題干的定位詞即是paintinginEurope,符合提問方式3。
第二步:根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位。
注意:
1.若定位詞非原文原詞,在定位過程中要對其在原文中的同義替換詞敏感。
2.若定位詞在原文中出現(xiàn)若干次,要關(guān)注所有出現(xiàn)過的地方。
例題:
Paragraph3:Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.(TPO4:CaveArtinEurope)
Accordingtoparagraph3,scholarsexplainedchipsinthepaintedfiguresofanimalsbyproposingthat______○UpperPaleolithicartistsusedmarkstorecordtheanimalstheyhadseen.
○Thepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimalsforhunting.
○Theartistshadremovedroughspotsonthecavewalls.
○UpperPaleolithicpeopleusedthepaintingstoincreasetheirluckathunting.
解題步驟:
1.讀題干,找出定位詞chips
2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位,發(fā)現(xiàn)在原文中只有一處出現(xiàn)了chips的原詞。那么暫且將答案鎖定在該句。
Paragraph6:Allthisapplies,ofcourse,onlytoanadultleatherback.Hatchlingsaresimplytoosmalltoconservebodyheat,evenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.Wedonotknowhowold,orhowlarge,aleatherbackhastobebeforeitcanswitchfromacold-bloodedtoawarm-bloodedmodeoflife.Leatherbacksreachtheirimmensesizeinamuchshortertimethanittakesotherseaturtlestogrow.Perhapstheirrushtoadulthoodisdrivenbyasimpleneedtokeepwarm.(TPO15:AWarm-bloodedTurtle)
11.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateaboutyoungleatherbackturtles?○Theylackthecountercurrentexchangesystemsthatdevelopinadulthood.
○Theirrateofgrowthisslowerthanthatofotherseaturtles.
○Theyloseheateasilyevenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.
○Theyswitchbetweencold-bloodedandwarm-bloodedmodesthroughouttheirhatchlingstage
解題步驟:
1.讀題干,劃出定位詞youngleatherbackturtles
2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位,在原文中并不能找到原文原詞。因此,考慮有可能是近義詞,進而發(fā)現(xiàn)youngleatherbackturtles的同義替換詞hatchlings。
(點評:該題的難點就在于定位,考生必須要對同義替換詞非常熟悉)
Paragraph6:Groundwaterisstoredintheporespacesandjointsofrocksandunconsolidated(unsolidified)sedimentsorintheopeningswidenedthroughfracturesandweathering.Thewater-saturatedrockorsedimentisknownasan"aquifer".Becausetheyareporous,sedimentaryrocks,suchassandstonesandconglomerates,areimportantpotentialsourcesofgroundwater.Largequantitiesofwatermayalsobestoredinlimestoneswhenjointsandcrackshavebeenenlargedtoformcavities.Mostlimestoneandsandstoneaquifersaredeepandextensivebutmaycontaingroundwatersthatarenotbeingrecharged.Mostshallowaquifersinsandandgraveldepositsproduceloweryields,buttheycanberapidlyrecharged.Somedeepaquifersareknownas"fossilwaters.Theterm"fossil"describeswaterthathasbeenpresentforseveralthousandyears.Theseaquifersbecamesaturatedmorethan10,000yearsagoandarenolongerbeingrecharged.(TPO12:WaterintheDesert)
8.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaquifersindesertsistrue?
○Waterfromlimestoneandsandstoneaquifersisgenerallybettertodrinkthanwaterfromsandandgravelaquifers
○Sandandgravelaquiferstendtocontainlessgroundwaterthanlimestoneorsandstoneaquifers
○Groundwaterindeepaquifersismorelikelytoberechargedthangroundwaterinshallowaquifers
○Sedimentaryrocks,becausetheyareporous,arenotcapableofstoringlargeamountsofgroundwater
解題步驟:
1.讀題干,找出定位詞aquifersindeserts
2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位,在原文中找到了aquifers的原文原詞,但問題是出現(xiàn)了五次。
(點評:該題的難點不在于尋找定位詞,而在于定位詞出現(xiàn)次數(shù)過多,因此考生此時需要看的范圍非常大,對于考生篩選信息的能力要求比較高。)
第三步:比較定位句和選項,篩選出和原文信息匹配的選項。
注意:
1.大多數(shù)情況下答案就在定位詞所在的句子里,但有時也有可能位于定位句的上一句或下一句。
2.考生只需要核對定位句的信息和選項里的信息是否吻合即可,不需要推理。
3.該題型對于考生的長難句分析能力要求比較高,因為往往定位句都是結(jié)構(gòu)上比較復雜的句子。
例題:
Paragraph4:Nomadismalsosubjectspastoralistmunitiestostrictrulesofportability.Ifyouareconstantlyonthemove,youcannotaffordtoaccumulatelargematerialsurpluses.Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds(thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksorjewelry).So,byandlarge,nomadismimpliesahighdegreeofself-sufficiencyandinhibitstheappearanceofanextensivedivisionoflabor.Inequalitiesofwealthandrankcertainlyexist,andhaveprobablyexistedinmostpastoralistsocieties,butexceptinperiodsofmilitaryconquest,theyarenormallytooslighttogeneratethestable,hereditaryhierarchiesthatareusuallyimpliedbytheuseofthetermclass.Inequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralistsocieties,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbytheabsenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmostmunities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomenacquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.(TPO14:PastoralisminAncientInnerEurasia)
9.Accordingtoparagraph4,thefactthatpastoralistmunitiesaresubjectto“strictrulesofportability”encouragessuchmunitiesto
○relocatelessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise
○havehouseholdsthataremoreorlessequalinwealth
○beself-sufficientinthemanufactureofsilkandjewelry
○sharelargematerialsurpluseswithneighboringmunities
解題步驟:
1.讀題干,尋找定位詞,即題干部分已經(jīng)標記陰影的strictrulesofportability。
2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位,很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞所在的句子即是第一句。但仔細閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)本句話并不是答案。因為題目是想問某個現(xiàn)象的影響,而第一句話只是在描述這個現(xiàn)象。那么只有繼續(xù)往下看,發(fā)現(xiàn)第三句話Suchruleslimit…可以推斷這里的代詞suchrules應(yīng)該指代的定位詞strictrulesofportability,而且仔細閱讀該句話的意思也是在說明某件事的影響。
3.比較定位句與選項:
定位句:Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds.大致意思說:“這樣的條例會限制不同游牧家庭之間所收集的產(chǎn)品的差別”。
選項A談到relocate定居,不符合該句話;B選項moreorlessequalinwealth就等同于limitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoods;C選項self-sufficient自滿自足的,不符合原文;D選項sharelargematerialsurplus共享剩余產(chǎn)品資料,不符合原文。
點評:
該題的主要難點在于定位詞所在句并不是答案,考察考生在更大范圍內(nèi)搜索答案。在考試時間比較緊張的情況之下,非??疾煲粋€考生的沉著冷靜。
Paragraph1:Petroleum,consistingofcrudeoilandnaturalgas,seemstooriginatefromorganicmatterinmarinesediment.Microscopicorganismssettletotheseafloorandaccumulateinmarinemud.Theorganicmattermaypartiallydpose,usingupthedissolvedoxygeninthesediment.Assoonastheoxygenisgone,decaystopsandtheremainingorganicmatterispreserved.
2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpetroleumformation?
○Microscopicorganismsthatliveinmudproducecrudeoilandnaturalgas.
○Largeamountsofoxygenareneededforpetroleumformationtobegin.
○Petroleumisproducedwhenorganicmaterialinsedimentsbineswithdecayingmarineorganisms.
○Petroleumformationappearstobegininmarinesedimentswhereorganicmatterispresent.
解題步驟:
1.讀題干,找到定位詞petroleumformation;
2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進行定位,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞,并且通段都是在介紹petroleum是如何形成的。所以,此時只能通讀整段,結(jié)合排除法對選項一一排除。
3.選項A微生物microscopicorganism能夠制造出原油crudeoil和天然氣,不符合原文。因為根據(jù)文章,石油的形成主要來自于有機物organicmatter,而微生物microscopicorganism只是起到一個幫助前者分解的作用。因此要排除A。選項B考點詞為Largeamountsofoxygen,原文并沒有提到具體需要的氧氣量。選項Corganicmaterial與marineorganisms結(jié)合形成石油,不符合原文,因為應(yīng)該是有機物organicmatter和微生物microscopicorganism結(jié)合。選項D符合原文,與原文第一句話Petroleum,consistingofcrudeoilandnaturalgas,seemstooriginatefromorganicmatterinmarinesediment的意思符合。其中同義替換部分為originatefrom=begin。
點評:
該題的主要難點在于定位詞不夠specific,不夠獨特。當該題型給出的定位詞整個通段都在描述相關(guān)信息的時候,那么考生極有可能需要通段瀏覽,且只能用排除法一一進行排除。
小結(jié):
綜上所述,可以言簡意賅地說事實信息題主要考察考生的兩種能力:定位&同義轉(zhuǎn)換。朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認為考生可以沿著這兩個方向去備考,另外建議廣大考生先學習詞匯題和句子簡化題,然后再學習事實信息題。
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